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Энэ компани 4Мbps хурдтай интернэтийг 27,000 төгрөгөөр өгч байгаа юм байна шүү www.digicom.mn Tel: 70,113,300

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SFP transceiver - SFP a brief introduction to the types and benefits

What is an SFP transceiver?

SFP stands for Small Form Factor Pluggable transceiver. This is a small form factor pluggable version.

SFP will be governed by multi-source agreements (MSA) of an important part of network providers, such as Agilent, IBM, Lucent, Siemens, Infineon, AMP / Tyco, and others.

The device has 10 I / O connectors on the back of the pack. This device interfaces with a motherboard network device (such as a switch, routers, media converters, and others) to afiber or copper cable network.

SFP transceivers for telecommunications and data communications. And their support SDH / SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, etc.

Benefits

Since the plug, which allows you to change the optical interface to the last step of the production of paper.

E 'can also accommodate different connector interfaces or a combination of SX and LX SFP.

The SFP cage is the surfacemounted on the PCB for the transceiver to accept. This not only offers easy replacement and reconfiguration, but also eliminates the extra steps for the production and reduce costs.

Since the optical component is removed from welding, SFP optical transceivers have a high reliability and enables the use of higher temperatures of welding.

Types of SFP

SFP transceivers are available in both single-mode fiber and multimode fiber. They are configured with 850 nmVCSEL laser at 550 m multimode fiber (SX), 1310 nm laser at 10 km / single mode fiber (LX), 1550 nm laser for more than 40 km (XD), 80 km (ZX), 120 km (or EZX EX) fiber single-mode optical transceivers and DWDM.

The industry has recently developed improved SFP MSA, known as SFP Plus (SFP +), which is designed for data transmission speed, lower costs and better thermal performance.

SFP + to support 8.5Gbit / s 10.52Gbit / s Fibre Channel, 10 Gbit / s Ethernet (10GBase SR, LR, and LRM), SONET OC-192(9.95Gbit / s) and G.709 "OTU-2" (10.7 Gbit / s).

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High-speed connectivity to the Internet

The widespread use of computers and the Internet has led to demand for high-speed Internet connection in the UK. broadband phone line which has split voice and data is a practical system for which the consumer has received general acceptance. The previous method of dial-up system is now obsolete. Of course it was a cheaper option, but the inability to use the phone while accessing the Internet and the low speed he was doing, disability who has madeunacceptable to the consumer when working life was hectic. Socio-economic scenario of today, consumers prefer an expensive service for a cheaper faster, but slow. They understand the futility of penny wise pound foolish attitude.

The broadband market in the United Kingdom is now a phase of rapid development. In early 2010, nearly 20 percent of the population are capable of high-speed Internet connections. The country has presented an ambitious plan to provide the entirepeople with broadband connections to a modest 2 Mbps seriousness with which the plan is implemented gradually admirable. Equally notable trend is that the new technologies of fiber optic cables for the media to use the broadband future. The current ADSL technology will be gradually replaced by the new system. An estimated 4 million households in the United Kingdom will be linked by the end of 2010. Experts believe that thecountry has a long way to make broadband available. But there is a silver lining in this context. British citizens are now able to get broadband in the most favorable rates and cheaper options than in other parts of the world.

It is now a highly competitive environment that prevails in the market for broadband services. More and more manufacturers have entered the scene with different plans to woo consumers. Both broadband cable and wirelessoffered. Along with the growth and development of fixed telephony, mobile telephony, are expanding their customer base with unprecedented speed and scale. The reason for the growing demand for mobile broadband is therefore evident. broadband connectivity via high-speed cable modems are widely available to users fixed. But the demand for wireless broadband connectivity to computers in areas where cable is not available are increasing. There are many forms ofBroadband services have been developed to meet different needs, but these new systems have not yet reached popular.

As already mentioned, there are numerous service providers that offer high-speed broadband to consumers. But the problem is that the speed of the system can vary depending on the quality and conditions of service by individual agencies and the package or plan that is offered. E 'so that consumers need to exercise caution when choosing aparticular package which is sometimes very confusing and beyond perception. In this context, consumers are invited to websites that explain and illustrate the different plans and packages for the benefit of future users visits. And 'even better than detailed questions about the service before signing a contract. Consumers should know that will have to bear additional costs and avoidable if they want to contract with an agency to suspend and to use theservices of another. Modem cost and installation costs will be recreated.

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Fiber Optic Rescue Mission

30''van with the snow we had no choice but to exit the elevator and a clear path to top the trailer that the cable ...

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Underground Utility Detection and Mapping Utility Solutions

The modern city is a maze of streets and alleys, buildings and obstacles. As complicated as the cities are above ground and below ground, the situation could be even more confusing: the power, telephone and fiber optic cables compete for space with water and gas, waste removal and sewage pipes. To complicate the matter further, new tools are constantly existing services installed and moved, with layers of utilities, both in and out of use dates backIn the 19th century.

For contractors excavation, utilities face buried during excavation can lead, at best, expensive delays and financial penalties or other services that are stopped in the worst case, this scenario assumes the risk of injury to workers or even death.

The contractors before the start of excavations at a site, it is therefore vital that they make every effort to identify and locate all underground services may be affected by the proposed excavation or construction to make werkzaamhedenactivities. In the first case, this is likely to involve contact with a 'service before digging. " These services collect data from utilities regarding the location of underground services and the transmission of such data - usually pay - suppliers of excavators.

While the monitoring of public utility services are a first filter condition for the contractors, are not foolproof: the maps may be incomplete or inaccurate, the utilities have been added, deleted or moved withoutinformation is transmitted. For this reason it is advisable for the excavation of the services of contractors to recruit suitably qualified and experienced with tools and a service mapping utility.

Using modern methods and techniques, such as electromagnetic detectors and systems Radiodetection of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPRS), can accurately identify a wide range of utilities including two underground metallic and nonmetallic pipes and cables. These tools canIs then mapped using a combination of traditional surveying techniques, GPS and geographic information systems (GIS) software.

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Fiber Optic Cable: Part 5 - Loose Tube Cable

Loose Tube cables are most outside plant loose tube construction. Each tube contains up to 12 fibers. A central strength member gives more resistance to deformation. Most cables will be loose tube gel or powder watre-blocker.

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The electric Learning Journey

The following are examples of some of the power of the journey-level courses you can take to advance their learning in his chosen field cabinet.

The first, eight hours of training in Leviton, teaches students about the use of installation, cable termination and how to install and manage a few more. They also learn about installing a pair and coaxial cables and optical fiber. This is one ofElectrical courses in the UK and the continuing education credit for electrician license renewal offers. Six credits are awarded for the completion of this course.

Certification in the various electrical components of the course there are a number of courses available UK electricity. The first is that certification in general electrician, residential life and fire safety. The instructors of these courses look at the different electrical principles of the National ConfederationElectrical Code of 1999, Ohm's law and basic principles to be observed and learned for the certification. Students are able to participate in trials. To participate in this electrical training courses for certification, each student should bring his copy of the book NEC. These courses are available in the form of conference power during the day or on-line for those who can not attend classes.

One of the most introductory courses for electricians electrical level tripintro class instrumentation. An introduction to industrial instrumentation, the course will flow, pressure, temperature and control of all these levels as part of ongoing work. The nine-week course teaches students only from the field instrumentation and those who want to bone on the teachings of their test instrumentation for a certified ISA systems.

Three follow-up to enlargement of the electrical coursesinstrument lessons. Instrumentation 102 is nine weeks, and in this session, students in a lab environment to the application of lessons in the introductory courses. You learn techniques and calibration methods and closer look at the fundamentals and activity indicators, switches, recorders and transmitters. This course is ideal for the control loop of the workers and those involved in the installation of instrumentation equipment.

The course is followedthe opportunity to know why the process control systems are important, and because the control logic is fundamental to any industry. Every student in this class is required before you apply the knowledge in electrical laboratory. They use electrical equipment to calibrate, test wire and under the watchful eye of instructors. They build their own processing system, demonstrating safety procedures for the creation and development. This training is one of the electric fields they teach andproblem solving and ability to apply the knowledge they have learned about the maintenance of electric instruments.

The last course of electrical equipment under the eyes ages of advanced instrumentation and training practices. In addition, students will learn MMI and computer graphics and how they have become important in the field of electrical equipment.

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Fusion Splice Ribbon OptiSplice

Corning Cable Systems OptiSplice Ribbon Fusion splicer

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Digital Signage - Wireless High Definition Media Player Or Wired?

Digital signage is steaming forward using new technologies all the time, now they are using different kinds of media players for storage and playing of content for the ad campaigns.

Digital advertising integrators now have the choice to use either standalone, WIFI or hard wired media players and the reason comes down to price, lead time and the application it will be used for.

Standalone content players.
These are media players that are normally associated with digital posters and they are built into the screen providing an all on one digital signage solution. These are powered by electricity and have to be updated manually through a USB connector.

WIFI HD media player.
These have the facility to store up to 1000GB of data and offer full High Definition resolution at 1080p. These are at the sharp end as they come complete with HDMI connectors to plug direct to the flat screen displays and will also support Flash and MPEG 1,2,4 also supports MP3, WMA, WAV and AC3 audio files. What makes it innovative is that is has a WIFI connection built into the player, so you can use a laptop to login and upload data from a remote location, the wireless networks works on 802.11G and is backward compatible with other older wireless networks.

Hard wired High Definition content player.
As the name suggests you have to connect this media player to a computer network so the content can be uploaded, this is thought to be the most traditional method; however it can be very costly due to the use of fibre optic cable if the installation is coving for example a soccer stadium.

These are also used for the installation of digital menu boards and are normally connected to the rear of the screen and the cables run back to a PC near the counter where the updates can be synchronised from.

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26 Windy City Road

www.tourfactory.com For more information, contact: Clare Hickey Co 731-664-2346 Coldwell Banker Real Estate Now Historic Southern Plantation There is a main house with approximately 6155 htd. sq. ft. home and A guest cottage. In Addition, Seller will consider the option of selling 21 acres with equestrian facilities which includes a restored barn/apartment, covered riding arena, hay barn and new 6 stall heated horse barn. Back acreage adjoins Wrights Mill subdivision. Utilities stemed at Wrights mill property line for possible future development. This option is available for $1200000. The land is subdividable. Property includes restored red barn/office/warehouse which has an optional well water backup and fiber optic cable for internet and TV. Newbarn with six stalls plus heated tack room. A restored guest cottage with an open floor plan and high ceilings. Corrals, tractor shed, smoke house (used as atool shed), white rail fences, acres of fenced pasture, hay barn, covered riding arena, and storm shelter with reinforced steel.

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Build Your Own Fiber Optic Network Like a Professional Network Engineer

What does an enterprise fiber optic network consist of?

The basic philosophy of modern LAN wiring is the concept of structured cabling. The entire networking system is broken up into chunks that allow workstation wires to be concentrated.

In a typical enterprise LAN system, the fiber optic network consists of telecommunication rooms, backbone wiring, work areas and horizontal wiring.

Let's illustrate this with a 3 stories building.

On each floor, there will be a telecommunication room sitting on top of each other. These telecommunication rooms hold all network equipment such as routers, servers and switches. Telecommunication rooms are linked together with fiber optic cables passing through vertical shafts which are called backbone wiring/cabling or vertical wiring/cabling.

The backbone fiber optic cables typically run at 10Gbps Ethernet speed to provide enough bandwidth for the whole enterprise.

Work areas are work stations (PCs) divided into cubicles. These work areas are connected to each floor's telecommunication room with horizontal cabling. These horizontal copper/fiber optic cables typically run at 1Gbps Ethernet speed.

How to pull the fiber optic cable through vertical shaft

The backbone cabling used to be twisted pair copper cables. But now it is typically multimode fibers or even single mode fibers.

There are many tools available to pull the vertical backbone fiber cables. These include Gopher poles, cable caster pulling tools or fish tapes. And usually you need to install a pulling eye to protect the fiber cables and connectors while pulling the fiber cables.

How to terminate a backbone vertical fiber optic cable?

The backbone fiber optic cables come in without termination (connector). You usually need to terminate these fibers with fiber optic connectors such as ST, SC or LC connectors.

The termination steps are not extremely difficult but it does require some extensive training before you can do a fairly good job.

Fiber optic termination tools

The tools needed for fiber terminations are fiber optic cable strippers, Kevlar cutters, fiber cleavers, ST, SC, LC or MTRJ fiber optic connectors, fiber connector hand polishing puck, fiber polishing films and fiber inspection microscope.

Fiber optic cable termination steps

1. Strip the fiber

Fiber cables come with 3mm jacket, Kevlar strength member and 0.9mm buffer coating. To get to the 0.125mm fiber cladding, you need to remove the 3mm jacket with a fiber jacket stripper, then cut the Kevlar fibers with a Kevlar cutter, finally strip the 0.9mm buffer down to 0.125mm cladding with a fiber optic stripper.

2. Cleave the fiber

After stripping the fiber down to 0.125mm cladding, you insert the fiber into a SC, ST or LC connector, and then inject some fiber optic epoxy into the connector with a syringe.

You will then lay the connector into a hot oven to cure the fiber epoxy so it can hold the fiber tightly.

After the curing process, you cleave extra fibers from the connector tip with a fiber optic cleaver.

3. Hand polishing the fiber

In the next step, you put the connector (already with fiber fixed inside) into a hand polishing puck, which serves as a fixture while you polish the end face of the connector to get a high quality mirror like finish.

You then hold the polishing puck and polish the connector on a connector lapping film in a figure 8 shape for 10~15 times.

Repeat the hand polishing steps stepping from 12um, 3um to 0.5um lapping films.

4. Fiber termination quality inspection

The final step is to inspect the quality of your work. You insert the finished connector into a fiber optic inspection microscope which zooms to 200 to 400 time level to show you all the scratches and pits that may exist on the connector end face. If everything looks perfect, then you can connect your fiber into the network.

This only touches the surface of building a fiber optic network. We have tons of information on our web site. Follow the links below to discover even more!

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OC3, OC12 & OC48 Bandwidth - Ideal Solution For High End Users

The ideal solution for high end bandwidth users where connectivity is essential for operations isn't a simple T1 or DS3 dedicated line...you need an "OC" fiber optic network. So just what is OCx, what can it do for you, and what do you need to know?

What is an OCx Circuit?

'OC' stands for Optical Carrier and is used to specify the speed of fiber optic networks conforming to the SONET standard. SONET, (Synchronous Optical Networks), includes a set of signal rate multiples for transmitting digital signals on optical fiber. The base rate (OC-1) is 51.84 Mbps. Certain multiples of the base rate are provided below with bandwidth amounts. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) makes use of some of the Optical Carrier
levels.

Optical Carrier lines provide content providers, ASP's, ISP's & large enterprises with dedicated Internet connectivity. These Optical Carrier Level circuits are an ideal solution for high end bandwidth users where connectivity is essential for operations. Some examples are large data centers, high tech research facilities, university infrastructure, airport complexes, and casino video security and data systems.

What is an OC3?

An OC3 can be three DS3s (T3s) or one 155M pipe. The benefit in using DS3s is that each can be separated back out as individual T1s (each with 24 channels). To put it into perspective, the speed of an OC3 connection is 155Mbps. This is equivalent to 3 T3 lines or 100 T1 lines. An OC12 connection is 622Mbps, equivalent to 14 T3 lines or approx. 414 T1 lines.

What is an OC12?

An OC12 is approximately equal to 4 OC3s and runs at 622 Mbps. which makes it an excellent point-to-point IP delivery connection. The greatest benefit to an OC-12 is that bandwidth can be added to a business as it grows without any major system overhauls. An OC12 can also allow a business to have unlimited IP addresses which insures that growth is never limited...

What is an OC48?

An OC48 works as a reliable fiber optic backbone for large networks which require volume extensive voice/data/video traffic. It is a long-haul backbone fibre connection capable of transmitting data at 2.45 Gbps. To put it into perspective the speed of an OC48 is the equivalent of having 48 T3's OR 1,344 T1 lines.

The pricing for these type of connections can vary widely depending on the carrier, location of service and the exact application for which the connection is intended to be used. Due to this complexity it is suggested to use the services of a consultant such as OC3 Bandwidth Solutions to research available providers and find the best fit to meet a specific requirement.

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台北當代藝術館_神奇盒子環遊世界80+1天【8】

80+1, aproject by Ars Electronica, Voestalpine, and Linz09, is a journey around the world, inspired by Jules Verne's famous book. The journey does not entail any physical travel; the mode of transportation will be satellite hook-up and fiber optic cable, and the stops along the way will be 20 locations, each one of which stands for a theme of crucial importance to our future. This project is started on 17th of June 2009 and would run until September 5th, 2009. 80+1計劃： www.youtube.com 「神奇盒子環遊世界80+1天」活動是由奧地利林茲電子藝術中心發起，旨在利用網路與視訊科技，讓這一神奇盒子所在地（台北）與林茲透過現場連線及民眾參與，將在地文化特色即時傳遞給遠在地球另一端的觀眾，達到地球無國界的境界。 時間：2009/08/09 地點：台大cosplay 記錄者：實習生詠心/念鑫/家旻記錄： 15:30 我方順利連上線，但對方大概15分後才連上線，當時cosplay 活動進行的如火如荼，很多現場的民眾與角色扮演者都很好奇我們的連線的狀況，但對方一度都沒有什麼民眾，有民眾時旁邊也什麼工作人員解說或提醒有這個活動， 所以很可惜。 耳機大概有十幾二十分鐘有不穩定的狀況，雙方時而聽到時而聽不到，可能當時活動會場也相當熱鬧，有可能也是聽不清對方的原因之一。 後來情況較為穩定時，台灣的角色扮演者有主動上前與奧地利民眾聊天，也帶動了不少同學和扮演者圍觀，奧地利民眾也覺得很新奇有趣。 大會活動結束後，回到當代館做剩下的連線，約台灣19:00 左右，奧地利民眾才是最多的時候，但連線過程是很順利，也有民眾好奇大廳的彩色影像管子而做詢問，最後還遇到一位定居於奧地利的浙江大叔與我們熱絡的聊天，非常有趣。

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SpliceConnect Mechanical Splice

SpliceConnect is a mechanical splice that provides an inexpensive, quick alternative to mating fibers. Using V-groove technology, this splice maintains physical contact between the fibers. An assembly tool is used to ensure the fibers are mated correctly, resulting in less than 0.1dB insertion loss (typical for single-mode).

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Getting to Know More About Dark Fiber Technology

It is certain that plenty of people have heard about dark fiber technology before, but most are not sure what it's all about. However, don't fret; it won't require a masters degree in engineering to understand it.

Dark fiber is essentially a term for fiber optic cables that are laid underground, but are currently not used. There are actually miles and miles of these unused cables laid out all across the united states.

How come they are not being used? Well, simply because it is quite expensive to go ahead and make them operational. It can easily amount to a hefty price tag. In order to fully grasp just how essential dark fiber technology is, it is best to back up a bit and get to know it just a little better.

Optical fiber, or commonly referred to as "fiber optic, actually refers to the technology wherein transmission of data as well as information is being carried inside glass, plastic strands, or fiber as light signals. The term dark fiber is given to the fibers that are unused or unlit, since there are no light signals travelling inside it.

Compared to copper wires, there are more advantages in using fiber optics; optical fibers transmit signals much faster and are not subject to interference. In addition, they have a bigger capacity and re-transmitting signals are not really needed.

As mentioned, you will find miles worth of dark fiber all across the united states simply because as installations of fiber optics were done before, companies thought it would be wiser to just pack in plenty of extra fibers for leasing to telephone, cable tv, or other companies that might be interested.

Nowadays, more and more companies are turning to dark fiber for their business needs since fiber optic technology has become increasingly reliable. However, even though the benefits might be obvious, there are also disadvantages to this.

The hefty price tag that comes along with "turning on" dark fiber is a big disadvantage. Since this technology is fairly new, in terms of being available in the market, the optic interface as well as transmitters are still priced high compared to electrical interfaces. Any business or company will expect to provide a huge chunk just to take advantage of this.

Moreover, the lack of an apparent standardization is another big disadvantage. Without standardized procedures, companies are hesitant to accept fiber optic technology.

Apart from that, utilizing this technology means having to get the right equipment that will work with it.

Besides, the advantages clearly outweigh the disadvantages. When you use fiber optic technology, you get to have unlimited bandwidth and depending on the route of the dark fiber, your rate of transmission will be so much faster.

Even though the price tag is still a bit high right now, this is slowly changing. Overabundance of dark fiber cables are currently helping to curb down the market price and allowing more companies to utilize this technology. Therefore, if your business needs to have a more efficient and reliable communications system, you might want to consider getting dark fiber today.

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Data Link Layer of the OSI Reference Model

Data link layer is the second layer among the seven layers in the OSI reference model. This layer ensures that the data from the physical layer is error free and in case there are errors, it takes corrective measures to rectify them. This layer is responsible for transferring data between the network nodes.

The manner in which data flows in this particular format is frames. Also, the data transfer happens between any two adjacent nodes in case of Wide Area Network and between the network nodes in the same Local Area Network.

There are some protocols that govern how data should move between such nodes, they are:

PPP: PPP stands for Point to Point Protocol. This particular protocol is used in establishing an active connection between the consecutive nodes. This is also responsible in providing authentication, encryption, privacy and also compression. It is used in many connections such as serial cable, telephone links, cellular telephone, and also fibre optic links such as SONET, etc.

HDLC: The full form of this is High-Level Data Link Control. This is a bit oriented synchronous data link layer protocol that is known to provide both connection and also connectionless services. This particular protocol can also be used to establish a single point to multipoint connection. It is mainly used to interconnect two devices using the asynchronous balanced mode or the ABM.

ADCCP: Advanced Data Communication Control Protocol is also another bit-oriented data link layer protocol that helps in both point to point and also point to multipoint of data frames that seem to be containing the error controlling information. This protocol is responsible in placing data on the network and also ensures its safe delivery to the destination. It is functionally almost the same as the HDLC protocol.

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Martin Bett explains the allowances of seismic abiding backlog monitoring

Interview with Martin Bett, CEO of Stingray Geophysical, in which he explains the benefits of fibre-optic seismic Permanent Reservoir Monitoring systems in enabling enhanced oil recovery.

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Dark Fiber Optics May Be Lighting Up Near You

Dark fiber optics may sound mildly sinister but in fact they are merely fiber optic cables which are currently not in use, or unlit. While a fiber optic cable in use by someone leasing it may still be referred to as dark fiber that may be because they have no specific long term use and may return to unused status as soon as the lease expires.

Dark fiber optics are everywhere and while companies do plan for redundancy, there are more miles of dark optics than mere redundancy can account for. Two major factors caused this glut of fiber optics. The first factor was that many optimistic companies laid miles of fiber optic cables with the intention of becoming the dominant telecommunication provider in their area. Business was booming and expected to continue to boom past the 1990s as far as data communication went and these companies built enough of these lines to cover the needs of their area many times over.

Data traffic did not continue to grow as predicted and also the development of technology to increase the carrying capacity of fiber optic lines further reduced the demand for new lines. Some companies went bankrupt because millions of dollars had been invested in this projected growth. Some companies survived the fiasco by simply struggling through it and taking the losses, but the market was by then full of unlit optics.

The practice of leasing these unlit fiber optic lines has become increasingly more commonplace. However the supply of unused optics far outstripped any demand for them, at least until recently. Just as a square block or more of vacant houses will eventually draw investors who see the potential, so have these unused lines drawn companies who feel there is potential in the market or believe now it the time to create their own network.

In the beginning of the optic boom these unlit lines were rarely leased and almost never sold. However internal trading could and did take place. As the market became glutted it became more commonplace to lease them to organizations. Recently there has been noticeable trend toward purchasing sometimes thousands of miles of this unlit line. A well known cable and data provider purchased more than twenty eight hundred miles of unlit optics to further expand their network. A coop of universities and research facilities have purchased large blocks of unused lines recently.

Interest has begun to revive in unlit but fully usable lines and it is obvious many corporations are moving toward getting their share, while it is still at rock bottom prices. A big name in the search engine industry has posted a job which calls for an individual skilled in negotiation and recognition, and selection of dark fiber optics contracts. This has stirred a lot of speculation as to what the future might hold for this company and others.

While there are still many miles of unclaimed Dark Fiber, this situation may not last long. Speculators and companies with big plans for the future may move in and take as much as they can find. Whether it is good business or bad business, it is certainly a forward looking strategy.

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Aero India

HIGHLIGHTS OF AERO INDIA 2005

1. Retail villages have been planned in the exhibition area and the Air display viewing area. For the convenience of the dignitaries and dear visitors most attractive Indian handicrafts were sold in the kiosks in the Retail villages. Talented craftsmen were benefited as their beautiful products were sold in thousands.

2. Bharat Electronics Limited arranged for all communications and infrastructure support for AERO INDIA 2005. Fax, Mobil phones, Walkie-Talkie, Internet, Public Address System, Closed Circuit TV, Audio Visual Projection in the Conference Halls, Registration Centre, etc., were the contributions of Bharat Electronics Limited.

3. The first Aero India Golf tournament was organised at Karnataka Golf Association, Bangalore. CII takes the credit for arranging these unique features, which was enjoyed by all visitors around the world.

4. Peter Thompson had designed the 18-hole championship course. The clubhouse area is 30,000 square feet. The flood lit driving range was the longest in India.

5. The Pavement on the Runway has been prepared using Falling weight defect meter. Also it is to be noted that Glass grid has been utilised for adding strength. Dense Bitumen concrete using polymer modified Bitumen to PCN 40 was a special feature to it.

6. The Media centre accommodated 250 members. It was located in brand new hanger, which had an indoor space of 4,200 square feet.

7. The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore adopted Box Technology for execution of subway to interlink exhibition and Domestic areas of AFSY. They have completed the work in a record time.

8. Amongst the 57 speakers 33 were from abroad in the seminar.

9. Very interesting and informative journals, which widely covered aviation, aerospace and defence matters, attracted many dignitaries. Those colourful journals were, Aviation week Group (New York), Aerospace and Maritime International (published from Mumbai), Chanakya Aerospace Defence & Maritime Review (New Delhi), Defence World (New Delhi), Indian Defence Review (New Delhi), Vayu Aerospace Review (New Delhi), Indian Aviation - Civil & Military (Mumbai), Indian Defence Year Book (New Delhi), International Aerospace - Review & Analysis (Mumbai), Intervestnik Publishing House (Russia), S.P. Guide Publications, Private Limited (New Delhi) and Sterling Book House (Mumbai). These Books and Bookstalls enthralled the visitors with informations and critical analysis on defence issues. Every page had abundant valuable data.

10. Indian Companies participated in this show were mostly from Bangalore. Some were from New Delhi.

11. Software companies like Aster Teleservices (P) Ltd., 3rd Floor Sri Amulya Estate, Mahesh Nagar, Hyderabad-1., Autotech Systems (P) Limited, 27, 24th Main Sarakki Lake, 5th Phase, J.P. Nagar, Bangalore - 560 078., BACHAL Software Limited, HAL Estate, Airport lane, Bangalore - 560 017., CADES Digitech (P) Limited, Anchorage, 100 Richmond Circle Road, Bangalore - 560 025., Com Avia Systems Technologies Private Limited., 47 Gangamma Temple Road, Jalahalli Post, Bangalore - 560 013., Connect Electronics Private Limited, 1878 New Thipasandra Main Road, Bangalore - 560 075., Datta patterns (I) Private Limited, New No.19, Old No.16, Aza Gowder Road, West Mambalam, Chennai - 600 033., Datason (B) Private Limited, 1006, A Narayana Reddy Complex, BEML Main Road, New Thippasandra, Bangalore - 560 075., Integrated Digital Systems 4B Sundaram 46P Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, Kolkatta - 700 016., Quest, 55 Quest Towers, Whitefield Main Road, Mahadevapura, Bangalore - 560 048., Satyam Computer Serivices Limited, SDC Plot No.45,46,47 Electronic City, Phase-II, KIADB Industrial Area, Bangalore - 560 100., Samtel, 52 community Centre, New friends Coway, New Delhi., Shogi Communications Limited, 803 8th floor Ansal Bhavan, 16 K.G. Marg, New Delhi - 110 001., Sigma Electro Systems, M-83 MIDC, Ambad Nashik-10., Sika interplant systems Limited, 3 Gangadhara Chetty Road, Bangalore - 560 042., Silver Software, Plot-23&24 EPIP, 1st Phase KIADB, Whitefield, Bangalore - 560 066., SLN Technologies Private Limited, 889 4th Cross, 7th Main HAL II Stage, Indiranagar, Bangalore - 560 008., Speak Systems Limited, B-49 Electronic complex, Kushaiguda, Hyderabad - 500 062., Umac Avionics Private Limited, 143 Umac House, 18th A main HAL 2nd Stage, Bangalore - 560 008., United Telecoms Limited, 18A/19 Doddanekundy Industrial Area, Mahadevapura Post, Bangalore - 560 048, etc., had beautiful pavilions in this grand show to reveal their invaluable contributions to Indian Avaiation, Aerospace and Information Technologies. As Bangalore city is studded with popular software Institutes many software technocrats have joined together and formed these companies to serve DRDO, HAL, Navy, Airforce, Missiles, Airborne guided weapon systems UAV, Helicopters and Bharat Electronics.

12. The Alpha Design Technologies (P) Limited, Bangalore develop simulation command, control requirements for Land, Ship borne, airborne systems. They also manufacture Night vision devices, simulators, Radars, communications systems and other Indian defence needs.

13. Amphenol Interconnect India Private Limited, 105 Bhosari Industrial Area, Bhosari Pune manufacturers and markets many varieties of connectors, cable harnesses and antenna products. They serve military and Aerospace, Automotive & Medical, electronics, wireless infrastructure and mobile handsets. They are the leading dealers in Indian defence sector.

14. Apollo computing Laboratories Private Limited has specialised in embedded computing, digital communications wed in defence and aerospace sector. In Agni II, LCA they offered their services.

15. Aster Teleservices Private Limited of Hyderabad have done a yeoman service to Indian defence units with data acquisition and control, smart cards, LC Launcher link, Fibre Optic Technology link, PCI based GPS time synchroniser, Unimux, Hand held cable testers, etc.

16. Airdel (India) Limited with technical collaboration of Aviation developments U.K. has branches at Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkatta, Chennai, Kanpur, Pune and Bangalore. They manufacture and supply fastness and other parts to Aerospace and commercial industry.

17. Avi-Oil India Private Limited supply lubricants, which is the only one approved by centre of military. Airworthiness and Certification, Ministry of Defence. This company is registered with Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance as an eligible manufacturer of aviation products. It has collaboration with NYCO S.A. of France. Indian Oil Corporation, Balmer Lawrie have joined hands to form this unique lubrication for Indian defence and civil aviation.

18. BACHAL Software Limited has the credit of developing simulators, development and testing of Real-time embedded Avionics software for safety critical and mission critical systems used for Flight control, Flight warning, Transmission, Weapon usage, fuel management etc. They offer their services to DRDO labs, HAL, ADA, Indian Armed forces apart from serving Thales, Rolls Royce, SAGEM, ECE, British Airways, etc..

19. Bijal Petroleum Equipment Corporation which has its Office in 5/210 Ashirwad Industrial Estate, Ram Mandir Road, Gargeon (w), Mumbai - 400 104 extends aviation ground support and fuel handling and testing equipment for aircrafts, helicopter refuelling for Indian defence.

20. To entertain the visitors and to have an aesthetic look some stalls contained fancy items, handicrafts produced by Central Cottage Industries Corporation of India Limited, Cauvery, Karnataka State Arts and Crafts Emporium. Many women visitors both from India and abroad were very much lured by the beauty in each item sold there.

21. Saree is the traditional dress worn by Indian women. Hence a stall for silk zari sarees was there in Aero India - 2005 to divert the attention. Many thousands of well designed sarees were on sale and the women V.I.Ps had an enjoyable time there. Karnataka Soaps & Detergents (P) Limited also displayed their soaps which have a pleasant fragrance.

22. Chandra International, Mumbai are engaged in export and import, switchover trade and represents International companies like ESL Defence, U.K, Douglas SPD, UK, Goodrich, USA and Orbit ACS.

23. ComAvia Systems Technologies (P) Ltd. Bangalore executes services in areas of Avionics integration for Indian higher aircraft programmes for LCA, Jaguar, MiG27, etc., They also build Integration test rigs and other test solutions consisting of data acquisition and simulation over MIL-STD-1553B Bus, ARINC429, Analog, Digital, Serial and other interfaces.

24. Data patterns (I) Private Limited, Chennai has developed airborne, naval, ground and space applications such as mission computer and displays for aircraft, Onboard Computer and fire control systems for missiles, radar subsystems, ATE for aircraft, ground systems space craft and vehicles.

25. For DRDO, Department of Space system, System houses and Aerospace Industry, the Datasol (B) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore over a very good service in designing, developing and integrating the State of the art modular products in areas of Avionics, Cockpit display products etc. It is an ISO 9001-2000 Company.

26. DRDO has 5000 scientists, 25000 other scientific technical and supporting personnel, and 54 laboratories. Contact Persons are: Dr.D.Banerjee, Phone 91-011-23016640, Brig Umang Kapoor, Director, Phone:91-011-2301-3209, B.C. Srikanta Vice Chairman DRDO.

27. Dynamatic Technologies, Bangalore deal with ailerons, flaps for ITT-36 Jet Trainers; wing and rear fuselage for Lakshya, a high performance UAV; Control surfaces for the Su-30 mki fighter Aircraft like Vertical Fins, stabilisers, Canard, Ventral fins and slats, Ground support equipment for military jets, servo test control equipment for helicopters; Transmission products and electro hydraulics brake actuating systems for Battle Tanks. Fabrication and assembly of airframe structures of Lakshya, Indias Pilotless Target Aircraft, Hall's 155-36 Project. Dynamatic Aerospace will be partnering HAL in the development of Airframe structures for the Sukhoi 30 mki fighter aircraft.

28. Enpro Secan India Ltd., New Delhi markets vapour cycle cooling system for Armoured fighting vehicles, Liquid cooling systems for Radars, Antennas etc., wave guide dryers, ACIDC Brush and Brushless motors, torque motors for Rods, Radars, missiles, etc., fans blowers axial centrifugal battle tanks, XIBC armed vehicles, etc., Heat transfer systems for Aircraft, battle tanks etc., They serve HAL, ADA, ECIL, BEL, DRDO, IAF, Indian Army, BDL, Air India, Thales, Airbus, Eurocopter, MTU, Embracer, LUCAS, Air France, Lufthansa, etc.,

29. Silver Oxide Zing, Nickel, Cadmium batteries for Indian military aircraft, helicopters, torpedoes and missiles are supplied by High Energy Batteries (I) Ltd., Tamilnadu. Contact Person: S.Arunachalam, V.Balasubramaniam, Fax: 91-4339250516, 91-431-2414455.

30. Terra Vista range of products for the 3D Terrain Generation 9.8 marketed by Integrated digital systems, Kolkatta. Those 3D databases are utilised in war gaming, situational aware analysis, flight simulation, training etc.,

31. It was interesting to note that JS Precisions, Bangalore is formed under women Entrepreneurs scheme. Contact person is Mrs. Jayanthi, Fax: 91-080-26637921, Phone: 91-080-266372707. They supply sheet metal, machined and non metallic components for aircraft & aero engines. Locknuts, Gaskets, jig fixtures, Locking washers and the products it supplies to IAF, DRDO, Naval Aviation and HAL. More than 800 precision critical / non critical components are produced by them.

32. Kumaran Industries, Bangalore produces jet engine parts for Aerospace and Aeronautical Industry utilising CNC Technology. Development of precision airframes and aero engines parts for LCA, ADA, ALH, 14 seat passenger aircraft, SARAS (NAL), ADE, Navy and Air force are some of their invaluable contribution to Indian air force. They have obtained recognition from foreign companies too like Magellan, uTGU technologies. Contact Person is Mr.Mohan, Director, Phone: 91-80-23409113, fax 91-80-23381498. Mr.M. Parthasarathy is the technical Director.

33. Maini Precision Products (P) Ltd., Bangalore serves Honeywell USA, Moog Aerospace U.K., WA, Goodrich, USA, Sneema moteurs, France, etc., by producing machined components. Contact person: Shaikendra Pratap Singh, Fax: +91-80-51272500, 91-80-51272400.

34. The Ministry of Indian Defence has licensed Max Aerospace Aviation Ltd., Mumbai to supply and install of Avionics, UAV's, CAV's Aircraft Subsystems, helicopters and Arms. This company takes pride to say that they have been approved by DGCA, HAL, DGAQA and CHEMILAC and it has been registered with IAF. Navy and Indian coast guard. Their maintenance works are also approved by NAVCOM. ADF, VDR and CUR. The works in cockpit Instruments, lighting systems, gyro instruments and airframe components have been with quality and perfection. Contact person: Bharat Malkani, Phone: 91-22-26135545, fax: 91-22-26162613.

35. Merchant Shipping Industry, Indian Army, Navy Coast guard and IAF prefer to use specialised tents for survival of helicopter crew, inflatable lifearts, life Jackets, etc., produced by meridian Inflatables Private Limited, Mumbai. It has 25 years of experience and possesses ISO 9001 Certificate. Contact Person: Maj. Arun Phatak (Retd.) Phone: 91-22-28570369, fax 91-22-28572927.

36. MIDHANI, Hyderabad which has developed 75 alloys with the enormous efforts of their R&D team.

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Amazing Humpback Whale Icy Strait Alaska 1999

During a submarine fibre optic cable installation from Juneau out through Icy Strait, an energetic Humpback whale performed for us for over 30 minutes as we sat in our Zodiac starring into the dark Alaskan waters trying to gauge where she would appear again for her next ballistic launch into the air. So much power and beauty so close.....incredible.

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Road Runner Speed Test - Speedtest.net (High Definition)

Road Runner from Time Warner Cable in New York's Capitol region. Residential Turbo package with PowerBoost. This video is also a test for Youtube's new high definition. Update: I now have 2mbps upload speed.

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Consider a Sedge or Grass in Your Garden

U of I Extension horticulturist Greg Stack talks about two sedges and an ornamental grass that can add some texture to your garden.

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Broadband Not As Unstoppable As Previously Thought

According to VNUnet news, in 2005 the global broadband boom was unstoppable, and now, just three years later, Ars Technica has declared that "it's no secret that broadband growth in the US is stagnating". Both Ars Technica and VNUnet have reported on the lowest levels of broadband growth in the US in seven years.

Two reports published recently, one by Leichtman Research Group and another by the Communications Workers of America (CWA) have painted rather a bleak landscape of America's broadband industry.

The Leichtman paper revealed that broadband take-up has halved in the second quarter of 2008 when compared to the second quarter of 2007. Telephone companies experienced the lowest levels of growth, while cable companies took the lion's share of new acquisitions. According to the report, an undue emphasis on high-speed FiOS and U-verse bundled services over traditional DSL services is largely to blame.

Predictions for the future of broadband are contradictory. According to Bruce Leightman, president of the Leichtman Research Group, there's a lot of potential for growth in the US market. But he admits that there have been reports that say the US broadband market is nearly saturated. Around 55% of the US population has broadband in their homes. The other 45% can either not afford to subscribe to broadband services, aren't interested in or are out of range of broadband services. In one instance, a city that was out of range of commercial broadband services tried to build their own network. But it was sued by a local telecommunications company so that the city wouldn't be able to provide them with the necessary fibre to complete the task.

The report published by the CWA showed that the US broadband speed falls far short when compared to many other industrialised countries. The average speed from 230,000 internet users was found to be 2.3Mbps. The two extremes were Rhode Island at 6.8Mbps and Alaska at 0.8Mbps. In comparison Japan has the fastest broadband speeds at 63Mbps; South Korea was second at 49Mbps, while France clocked in at 12Mbps.

According to Larry Cohen, president of the CWA, broadband speed isn't just about how fast users are able to download movies. Cohen says that download speed is important to the economy and to developers who are trying to be competitive in an increasingly sophisticated global market. But if expense, consumer apathy and competition with the US market continue to hamper growth, America could soon find themselves falling behind developing nations, such as South Africa.

Recommended sites:

vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2223779/broadband-growth-speeds-US

arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080811-broadband-growth-slows-to-dial-up-speeds-in-second-quarter.html

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Cable-TV - Let's Start from the Very Beginning

Let me tell you a little story about television. Once upon a time, TV pictures were terribly fuzzy. If you wanted to make them better, you had to wave around an antenna - sometimes it was on top of your TV, and sometimes on top of your house! Then, not so long ago, man invented two excellent ways of getting TV signals to your house without having to bounce them off a whole bunch of buildings along the way. This was the dawn of cable.

Cable TV works exactly the same way as normal TV, only instead of the radio waves coming through the air, they come through a series of fibre-optic cables. Every channel you have available is coming down the cable all the time, and your TV is capable of tuning into a specific frequency to allow you to view the channel you desire. Cable can hold more channels than over-the-air broadcasts, as the frequencies can be more tightly controlled and a wider spectrum can be used.

Originally, the cables were simply connected to a big, local antenna, situated high up on a pole somewhere in your neighbourhood that could get a much better signal than you could even from the roof of your house - this was known as a community antenna. Today, however, the cables stretch all the way make to your cable provider's central stations, which in turn have cables coming to them all the way from the original broadcasters.

When you ordered cable, it used to very often be the case that a bunch of engineers had to come and lay the cables up to your house. Most houses in large towns and cities are now connected, however, or at the very least there is a cable very nearby that can simply be extended, so it is becoming less of a trouble to switch over to cable.

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The Fun in Internet Cafe Business

Surveys claim that depressed people are the people that use the internet often. The truth behind these surveys are somewhat alarming and yet, it could be the very reason why the internet rules! Not that having too many depressed people in the world should be a reason to celebrate - but then again, it could be a reason why you should start setting up your own internet business in your local area!

Depression is why people lose themselves online - for the internet is like an escape from reality. By staying online gives sad people some kind of a therapy to be in another world. When you set up an internet business, you must understand that internet does not cause depression at all - in fact it gives people something to cling to. And that should be motivation enough for you. Not only you will earn from it, but you get to give people hope and chance to "therapy" themselves and for them not to succumb to loneliness.

When you open an internet cafe in your area, those brokenhearted folks can get over their heartbreaks in no time and who knows - they would meet new prospects by going on a date on line.

The internet is a link to the other side of the world - the information it gives, the life it caters to are limitless...endless. And you can give that unlimited source of information on a silver platter you call your little internet cafe.

An internet cafe busy would be ideal to those who have the passion and the time to "Google" their day away. Not only that you will be closed to the very thing you worship (next to God, of course) the most: your computer, but also, you can make a profit out of that said passion of yours.
So how do you exactly start an internet cafe business?

First, identify the concept of how you would exactly want your internet cafe to be - what other services would you offer? And who would be your target market

Second, research about your area feasibility: Is there a demand for an internet cafe? Who are your competitors should you open one soon? How much capital do you need to start on this said business?

Third, a comprehensive case study must be done - how many computers would you need? How many people do you need to hire as staff?

Fourth, consider having a business partner or a bank that will loan you the capital you need.

Fifth, find that "spot" - internet cafes would do well near a school campus if students are one of your "targets" for your market. Or you can position your cafe near other cafes as well.

Sixth, check what permits you will need for your cafe - visit your local municipality or you can hire a legal adviser if you are naive when it comes to those applications.

Seventh, choose an internet service provider and choose well. Your internet is your milk and butter in this kind of business - get a good one that offers the best deal.

There you have it - better add more fun in your local area soon!

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Faster Broadband, But at What Cost?

With current technology advancing every day, products are sure to change in many different ways whether it becomes smaller, bigger, faster, lighter, and more energy efficient or less expensive. When it comes to broadband, it seems that it will become faster and maybe smaller but new advances in the cable technology will make it a lot more expensive for people to be able to jump online.

A new system being introduced is by users using a fibre optics cable rather than the traditional copper wire; this will make the broadband connections up to 30 times faster enabling you to download an album in 30 seconds, tune in to high definition TV and allow video calling in all homes and businesses in the UK.

Ofcom, the industry watchdog, have suggested that the entire country will need to make the switch to fibre optic broadband similar to the switch from terrestrial TV to digital TV in around two year's time.

Private companies have confirmed they will foot the bill for the installation in busy areas but will not for many rural areas of the UK, just under 40%. This will leave thousands without the internet unless the government find the rest of the cash. This cost will no doubt be passed down to the taxpayers which will cost a little over £5 billion to run cables into every street and £29 billion for it to run into every house.

Virgin and BT have already started rolling out the new fibre optic service to customers which have had a good reception.

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How to Improve the Performance of Your HDMI Cables

There are some useful guidelines to improve your HDMI cables performance.

Use signal boosters. Depending on quality, most HDMI wires lost their signal in roughly 10 to 50 feet. With these devices, power is enhanced making them to continue on remaining powerful even on long cable runs. There are, however, HDMI cables which run for 75 feet and have already a built-in signal booster inside the cable.

Use signal equalizers. This is another device which can maintain the signal's quality and strength even with longer cable runs. It can also be called a signal enhancer. Aside from enhancing the signal, it can also eliminate any superfluous noise disturbance. Losing the dynamics of the HD technology is not something to worry about as the device does not remove it.

Use signal extenders. It helps by extending the signal down the extent of the cable subsequent to receiving the signal.

Use signal restorers. They are minute gadgets where weak signals are re-harmonized to reach their HDMI quality to the fullest. It expands the distance to have the signal trek even for over a hundred feet.

Use fibre Optic Cable. This is the best but the most expensive alternative. Fibre optic cables are normally utilized after a maximum of 150 feet run length was attained. Likewise, HDMI cables can reach a maximum of 1,649 feet efficient run with its fibre optic.

The quality of the raw materials used dictates the maximum run length and efficiency of the cables. Thicker copper wires in twisted pairs are usually on the category of higher value cables, but spell add-on expense on the part of the consumer but still with no guarantee of efficiency. Even high quality HDMI cables strive to transmit better signals for more than a distance of 50 feet.

You still need to invest in other add-on devices to enhance the signal of your HDMI cable over long distance.

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